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Crack-tip shielding by inelastic zone or contact between the crack surfaces (Ritchie, 1988). Critically dependent on crack size and (to a lesser extent) geometry; they are responsible for the development of resistance-curve (R-curve) behavior and thus play a prominent role in the driving forces required for continued growth of the crack. 178k members in the Bonsai community. Bonsai trees and associated plants. Focussing on styling bonsai, showing member's trees, bonsai care. The First Tree is a beautiful third-person quest, in which two stories intertwined: a fox trying to find his family and a boy who decided to find his father. Players play for the fox, which will have an interesting and touching adventure. What awaits her - perhaps she will approach the source of life or understand what death is? As the tree bends and sways in the wind, one half of the stem slides over the other, elongating the crack. Eventually the enlarging crack causes the two halves of the stem to shear apart. Ribbed cracks are created as the tree attempts to seal over a wound. Margins of the crack meet and mesh but are reopened due to tree movement or extremely.
The pistachio tree is native to regions of Central Asia, including present-day Iran and Afghanistan. Archaeology shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BCE. The modern pistachio P. Vera was first cultivated in Bronze Age Central Asia, where the earliest example is from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan.
Gardeners with lemon trees in their yards are often faced with the question: what is wrong with my lemon tree? Here are causes and cures for seven of the most common problems with lemon trees in the home garden.
Overwatering: Citrus may become stressed and more susceptible to pests and diseases as a result of poor drainage or standing water. Citrus and other trees have difficulty with proper nutrient uptake in wet soils.
Shallow Watering, Watering with Sprinklers, and Wetting Trunks or Major Roots: GardenZeus discourages planting lemon trees in lawns or using sprinklers for watering trees. Sprinklers and other shallow surface irrigation are generally inappropriate for citrus and other trees, and may encourage root rot, shallow rooting, other diseases and pests, and other problems. Avoid wetting trunks and major roots with sprinklers, and keep the upper soil dry within tree driplines.
Chlorosis: Chlorosis is iron deficiency that appears as lightening or yellowing between veins on older leaves and/or pale green or yellow new leaves. Affected leaves will never return to normal because iron is not a mobile nutrient, meaning that it cannot be relocated within a plant. Alkaline city water and alkaline soils are common causes of chlorosis; iron becomes decreasingly available to trees when soil pH is above 6.0, and is mostly unavailable at pH of 7.0 and above. Chlorosis in citrus is often chronic due to naturally alkaline soils combined with watering over years with alkaline city water. Trees may also become chlorotic as a result of wet or waterlogged soils, anaerobic soils, root rot diseases, or damaged roots. Applying chelated iron will help temporarily but is not a long-term solution or cure, and chelated iron may rapidly become unavailable in alkaline soils. The best solutions are to encourage a thriving, healthy soil ecosystem that will naturally improve pH, or to provide acidity to soil by mulching with face-down cut halves of waste citrus, watering with diluted vinegar at proportions of about 1/4 to 1/2 cup of white vinegar in 2 gallons of water, or using an acidifying product such as pH Reducer.
Nitrogen Deficiency. In contrast to chlorosis, nitrogen deficiency appears as pale or yellowing older leaves while new growth is green and healthy. Nitrogen is mobile in plants and is moved from older leaves to produce new growth. Apply a nitrogen soil drench in the form of diluted urea or chicken manure at the rate of one cup of chicken manure per four 4 gallons of water (half cup if fresh manure), mixed thoroughly, and applied near the driplines of trees a few times per year. Fresh or composted manures may be applied as a surface-dressing under mulch. Adding too much nitrogen to soils may result in lush, high-carbohydrate leaves that attract insect infestation, and may delay or reduce fruit formation if added early in the fruiting cycle.
Sunburn: Citrus bark and cambium are sensitive to sunburn, and sun protection for trunks and branches may be necessary during hot Mediterranean-climate summers. Lemons are more sensitive to sunburn than other types of citrus. Avoid thinning or removing significant portions of canopy, especially those that shade internal branches from southern and western direct sun. Sunburned stems begin to show cracked, peeling, or rough sections of bark that progress to dead sections of cambium with exposed bare wood. When these symptoms occur on south-and-west-facing citrus trunk or stem sections, they are usually caused by sunburn. Wrap trunks of young trees in sleeves (consider making homemade ones from paper or cardboard). Larger trunks and stems may require painting with indoor white latex paint diluted about 1:1 to 2:1 water to paint. If you find white-painted tree stems and trunks to be particularly unattractive in the garden and landscape, try a light-colored beige, tan, or similar color that blends in better with your garden; however, these paint colors will not protect trunnks as well as white.
Blossom and Fruit Drop: Sometimes a problem but often not. Citrus trees naturally drop many of their flowers and small, immature fruits when they are about the size of a pea, most commonly in late spring to early summer. On otherwise healthy and unstressed trees, loss of the majority of flowers and up to 80% or more of the tiny immature fruits may be normal. If numerous fruits are dropped at about the size of a ping pong ball or larger, this usually indicates that soil, water, sunlight and/or other environmental conditions are insufficient for the tree to produce a full crop.
Split Fruit. Fruit splitting occurs with many citrus species, ans some lemon varieties are likely more genetically susceptible than others. Fruit split tends to occur when watering is inconsistent or when trees become drought-stressed between waterings, especially when combined with other environmental stresses such as cold, heat, wind, nutrient deficiency(s), pests, disease, or physical injury. Splitting is more common on young, establishing, and shallow-rooted trees. Generally only a small proportion if fruit on a given tree is affected. Splitting usually occurs before fruits are ripe, so fruit are rarely edible when split and should be removed from the tree and composted or discarded. If left on the tree, split fruit may encourage pests and diseases. There is no short-term treatment known to be effective for citrus fruit-splitting. GardenZeus expert Darren Butler believes that the best solution is to encourage strong, healthy trees by meeting their environmental needs over a period of years, particularly with consistent and deep watering, and by feeding and nurturing soil to encourage a thriving soil ecosystem.
GardenZeus has customized information by plant and zip code. To get started, enter your zip code here.
Other articles of interest:
The First Tree Cracking
Felco pruners are an essential garden tool. They can be used for removing dead branches on your citrus trees and for general garden pruning and maintenance.
Home » Structural »
Foundations crack for many reasons including unstable soils, poor drainage and settling. Cracks may indicate serious structural problems and others may be insignificant. In the United States approximately 60% of homes are built on soils with some clay content; of these more than half of the homes will experience damage. Soils with a heavy clay content may result in a foundation having a seasonally movement of 40 to 60 mm, 50mm equals about 2 inches. This soil movement is just one of a number of reasons that foundations crack or fail.
When are foundation cracks serious?
The seriousness of a crack depends on the location, size and number of cracks, as well as whether the home has other signs of structural issues. A large number of homes have cracks in their foundation and the older a home gets, the more likelihood of cracks appearing.
Cracked foundations can lead to framing issues, roof issues, problems with doors and windows and even leaks in basement walls. Correction of foundation and structural problems can be very costly and occasionally foundation cracks will be a warning sign of other structural issues with a home.
98% of the homes in the United States have foundations constructed out of concrete, masonry blocks or brick, all of which tend to crack when there is movement and excessive stress. In areas with expansive soils (clayey type soils) there is usually more soil and foundation movement than in other areas. In areas with extreme clay content, some foundations will shift up and down as much as an inch or two inches seasonally; usually causing foundation cracks.
Understanding cracks: What you should know
The First Tree Crackwatch
- Causes of cracks
- Types of cracks
- How to analysis cracks
- Maintenance and prevention
- Know the 'Bottom Line'
Reasons for foundations cracking or failing
Foundations crack or become damaged for many reason. Following is a partial list of causes:
Tree roots. Roots may cause cracks, however, foundations rarely crack from the roots pushing up, but from them drawing the moisture out of the soil under the foundation due to 'Transpiration.'Read about Transpiration
Settlement. If a foundation settles, cracking may occur, especially if there is differential settlement.
Expansive soils. In soils with a clay content, especially a high clay content, heaving or lifting pressures of the soils may crack the foundation. (More about expansive soils )
Drainage issues. Poor drainage near a home's foundation is actually one of the more common causes of foundation cracks and damage.
Plumbing leaks. When plumbing leaks occur, either from water lines or sewer lines and the moisture migrates around or under a foundation, then cracking may occur. If the leak has been going on over a long period of time, then the damage may be even greater.
Rotation of foundation. The foundation rotates (i.e. leans slightly outwardly or inwardly).
Poor soil compaction. If the soil was not properly compacted before digging the footings, then the foundation may drop down a little and crack. The soils basically fail to support the weight of the foundation and house.
Engineering. Foundations not properly sized and engineered for the type of soils and the loads that the foundation is carrying will create cracks.
Second story added. If a home has a second story added and the original footings were not designed for a two story building or strengthen for the added weight, then cracks may appear.
Reinforcement. No rebar (steel reinforcement) or insufficient rebar in the foundation.
Frost uplift or heaving. In cold climates where the ground freezes a foundation may be subject to damage if the frost / freezing gets below the depth of the foundation or basement walls. ( Read about frost heaving and ice lenses )
Geotechnical issues. Foundations exposed to an earthquake, a sink hole or landslide pressures or slope creep often develop cracks. (If home on sloping lot or hillside read about slope creep)
Sunburn: Citrus bark and cambium are sensitive to sunburn, and sun protection for trunks and branches may be necessary during hot Mediterranean-climate summers. Lemons are more sensitive to sunburn than other types of citrus. Avoid thinning or removing significant portions of canopy, especially those that shade internal branches from southern and western direct sun. Sunburned stems begin to show cracked, peeling, or rough sections of bark that progress to dead sections of cambium with exposed bare wood. When these symptoms occur on south-and-west-facing citrus trunk or stem sections, they are usually caused by sunburn. Wrap trunks of young trees in sleeves (consider making homemade ones from paper or cardboard). Larger trunks and stems may require painting with indoor white latex paint diluted about 1:1 to 2:1 water to paint. If you find white-painted tree stems and trunks to be particularly unattractive in the garden and landscape, try a light-colored beige, tan, or similar color that blends in better with your garden; however, these paint colors will not protect trunnks as well as white.
Blossom and Fruit Drop: Sometimes a problem but often not. Citrus trees naturally drop many of their flowers and small, immature fruits when they are about the size of a pea, most commonly in late spring to early summer. On otherwise healthy and unstressed trees, loss of the majority of flowers and up to 80% or more of the tiny immature fruits may be normal. If numerous fruits are dropped at about the size of a ping pong ball or larger, this usually indicates that soil, water, sunlight and/or other environmental conditions are insufficient for the tree to produce a full crop.
Split Fruit. Fruit splitting occurs with many citrus species, ans some lemon varieties are likely more genetically susceptible than others. Fruit split tends to occur when watering is inconsistent or when trees become drought-stressed between waterings, especially when combined with other environmental stresses such as cold, heat, wind, nutrient deficiency(s), pests, disease, or physical injury. Splitting is more common on young, establishing, and shallow-rooted trees. Generally only a small proportion if fruit on a given tree is affected. Splitting usually occurs before fruits are ripe, so fruit are rarely edible when split and should be removed from the tree and composted or discarded. If left on the tree, split fruit may encourage pests and diseases. There is no short-term treatment known to be effective for citrus fruit-splitting. GardenZeus expert Darren Butler believes that the best solution is to encourage strong, healthy trees by meeting their environmental needs over a period of years, particularly with consistent and deep watering, and by feeding and nurturing soil to encourage a thriving soil ecosystem.
GardenZeus has customized information by plant and zip code. To get started, enter your zip code here.
Other articles of interest:
The First Tree Cracking
Felco pruners are an essential garden tool. They can be used for removing dead branches on your citrus trees and for general garden pruning and maintenance.
Home » Structural »
Foundations crack for many reasons including unstable soils, poor drainage and settling. Cracks may indicate serious structural problems and others may be insignificant. In the United States approximately 60% of homes are built on soils with some clay content; of these more than half of the homes will experience damage. Soils with a heavy clay content may result in a foundation having a seasonally movement of 40 to 60 mm, 50mm equals about 2 inches. This soil movement is just one of a number of reasons that foundations crack or fail.
When are foundation cracks serious?
The seriousness of a crack depends on the location, size and number of cracks, as well as whether the home has other signs of structural issues. A large number of homes have cracks in their foundation and the older a home gets, the more likelihood of cracks appearing.
Cracked foundations can lead to framing issues, roof issues, problems with doors and windows and even leaks in basement walls. Correction of foundation and structural problems can be very costly and occasionally foundation cracks will be a warning sign of other structural issues with a home.
98% of the homes in the United States have foundations constructed out of concrete, masonry blocks or brick, all of which tend to crack when there is movement and excessive stress. In areas with expansive soils (clayey type soils) there is usually more soil and foundation movement than in other areas. In areas with extreme clay content, some foundations will shift up and down as much as an inch or two inches seasonally; usually causing foundation cracks.
Understanding cracks: What you should know
The First Tree Crackwatch
- Causes of cracks
- Types of cracks
- How to analysis cracks
- Maintenance and prevention
- Know the 'Bottom Line'
Reasons for foundations cracking or failing
Foundations crack or become damaged for many reason. Following is a partial list of causes:
Tree roots. Roots may cause cracks, however, foundations rarely crack from the roots pushing up, but from them drawing the moisture out of the soil under the foundation due to 'Transpiration.'Read about Transpiration
Settlement. If a foundation settles, cracking may occur, especially if there is differential settlement.
Expansive soils. In soils with a clay content, especially a high clay content, heaving or lifting pressures of the soils may crack the foundation. (More about expansive soils )
Drainage issues. Poor drainage near a home's foundation is actually one of the more common causes of foundation cracks and damage.
Plumbing leaks. When plumbing leaks occur, either from water lines or sewer lines and the moisture migrates around or under a foundation, then cracking may occur. If the leak has been going on over a long period of time, then the damage may be even greater.
Rotation of foundation. The foundation rotates (i.e. leans slightly outwardly or inwardly).
Poor soil compaction. If the soil was not properly compacted before digging the footings, then the foundation may drop down a little and crack. The soils basically fail to support the weight of the foundation and house.
Engineering. Foundations not properly sized and engineered for the type of soils and the loads that the foundation is carrying will create cracks.
Second story added. If a home has a second story added and the original footings were not designed for a two story building or strengthen for the added weight, then cracks may appear.
Reinforcement. No rebar (steel reinforcement) or insufficient rebar in the foundation.
Frost uplift or heaving. In cold climates where the ground freezes a foundation may be subject to damage if the frost / freezing gets below the depth of the foundation or basement walls. ( Read about frost heaving and ice lenses )
Geotechnical issues. Foundations exposed to an earthquake, a sink hole or landslide pressures or slope creep often develop cracks. (If home on sloping lot or hillside read about slope creep)
Warning signs that there may be a foundation problem
There are various signs that a homeowner or buyer may want to be aware of that could indicate that there is a possible foundation issue or concern.
Walking around the home, both the interior and exterior may alert you to seeking more information about the foundation. Naturally the most obvious sign is cracks visible in the foundation itself.
Walk around and look for the following:
- Sagging or wavy roof (Read more)
- Cracks in brick siding
- Stucco cracks
- Are there cracks at door and window corners
- Gaps at doors and window, racked or distorted
- Self-closing or opening doors
- Rubbing or sticking doors and windows
- Cracked or lose floor tile
- Cracks in the concrete slab or garage floor
- Sloped or un-level floors
- Creaking floors (Read more)
- Cracks in walls and ceilings
- Bowing or leaning foundation walls
- Chimney leaning away from house
How to evaluate and analysis cracks
When there are 'Yellow or Red' flags of a possible foundation issues, first familiarize yourself with a little more information on what you observed; for the more you understand the reasons and causes of your observations, the better you can analyze the seriousness.
Often, after learning more about the reason or causes of a foundation crack, you will determine that things are normal or common and that you may just want to monitor the crack(s); i.e. are the cracks getting larger or growing in number over a period of six months or a year?
When there are cracks in the foundation it is always wise to look at the big picture. Ask yourself, are there a number of warning signs that there may be foundation issues; are there yellow or red flags.
Look for a concentration of issues and are they located in just one area of the home, such as the living room or the back half of the house. Check for patterns like crack patterns, movement patters such as a number of doors self- opening or closing; patterns are more important than an individual crack or occurrence when weighting the importance of your observations.
Look for geotechnical issues, for they're more difficult to deal with than many other types of issues. Especially ones like slope creep.
Keep in mind that drainage issues are one the most destructive issues that may affect the foundation of your home but they are often the easiest and cheapest to correct.
Professional advice
At times a buyer or homeowner wants a second opinion or more information about their foundation or cracks but is not sure who to consult. There are different levels of knowledge about foundations and foundation issues and one professional may end up referring you to another professional based on what they have observed or their skill level.
Natural you want an appropriately qualified professional and you should verify that the person you consult with is appropriately qualified. Ones you may wish to speak with may include General Contractors, home inspectors, foundation engineers, geotechnical engineers and structural engineers.
Maintenance and prevention
Most homes lack ideal drainage and the drainage that was originally good when the home was first built has been changed by homeowners adding and changing the landscaping. Study if the trees near the foundation have grown and are causing foundation damage or may cause future damage to the foundation.
Check any yard drains to see if they're free flowing and not clogged. Are the covers to the drains intact and not damage and are there areas where water may stand next to the foundation. Does the house have gutters and are they clean and in good repair; check that the downspouts are working properly and not discharging water near the foundation. Is the soil, walks and patio sloped away from the homes perimeter?
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It is way cheaper to have a good maintenance and prevention program than it is to repair a foundation or a home.
Bottom Line
Many home foundations' have cracks and they're generally not serious, that just looking at a foundation crack or cracks will not really tell you whether a home has serious structural issues. The wise owner or buyer must really look at the big picture to determine the seriousness of foundation cracks.
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